Timely Neuropathy Testing
MONOFILAMENT TESTING REFERENCES
SEMMES-WEINSTEIN MONOFILAMENTS (STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS)
(normative, repeatability, and protective sensation studies are in bold)
(Note: TNT makes monofilaments of standard design
including 38 mm length of the monofilament as it leaves the rod, and specific
diameters used in normative studies. The length is not adjusted because if
the lengths and diameters of monofilaments differ from those used in normative
studies, the monofilaments are not standard, and cannot be directly compared
with normative data.)
Bell JA: "Sensibility Testing" , In Hunter JM,
Schneider LH, Mackin EJ, and Bell JA (eds),
Rehabilitation of the Hand,
Philadelphia, CV Mosby:269-291, 1978.
Bell JA, Buford WL: "Assessment of Levels of
Cutaneous Sensibility", Presented at the 16th annual meeting of the United States Public Health
Professional Association, Houston, Tex, 1979.
Bell JA, Buford WL: "Comparison of Forces and Interpretation Scales as used with
the Von Frey Aesthesiometer",Symposium, Assessment of Cutaneous Sensibility,
National Hansen's Disease Center, Carville, La, 1980.
.
Bell JA, Buford WL: "The Force Time Relationship of Clinically Used Sensory
Testing Instruments", Presented at the 37th
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, Aurora, Colo,
1982.
Bell-Krotoski JA, Buford WL: "The Force/Time
Relationship of Clinically Used Sensory Testing Instruments", J Hand Ther,
1(2):76, 1988.
Bell-Krotoski JA: "Pocket Filaments and
Specifications for the Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments", J Hand Ther,
3:26-31, 1990
Bell-Krotoski JA: "Sensibility Testing; Current Concepts", In Hunter JM, Mackin
EJ, Callahan AD (eds),
Rehabilitation of the Hand, 4th
ed, Philadelphia, CV Mosby:109-128, 1995.
Bell-Krotoski JA, Fess EE, Hiltz D, Figarola J: "Threshold Detection and
Semmes Weinstein Monofilaments: A Comparative Study", J Hand Ther,
8:155-162, 1995.
Bell-Krotoski JA, Tomancik E: "Repeatability of Testing With the
Semmes-Weinstein Monofilaments", J Hand Surg
2A:15, 1987.
Bell-Krotoski JA, Weinstein S, Weinstein C:
"Testing Sensibility, Including Touch-pressure, Two-point Discrimination, Point
Localization, and Vibration", J Hand Ther,
6:114-142, 1993.
Breger D: "Correlating Semmes-Weinstein
Monofilament Mapping with Sensory Nerve Conduction Parameters in Hansen's
Disease Patients: An Update", J Hand Ther,
1:33-37, 1987.
Breger D: "Pre- and Postsurgical Therapy and Management of a Patient with
Intrinsic Minus Hands", J Hand Ther,
3:177-184, 1989.
Birke JA, Sims DS: "Plantar Sensory Threshold in the Ulcerated Foot",
Lep Rev, 57:261-267, 1986.
Brand, PW: "Symposium, "Assessment of cutaneous sensibility", Comments of
chairman, National Hansen's Disease Center, Carville, La, 1980.
Birke JA, Sims DS:"Plantar Sensory Threshold in the Ulcerated Foot", Lep Rev,
57:261-267, 1986.
Buford, WL, Bell JA: "Dynamic Properties of Hand Held Tactile Assessment
Stimuli", Proceedings of the thirty-fourth annual conference of Engineering in
Medicine and Biology, 23:307,
1981
Gilberman RH, Szabo RM, et al: Sensibility testing in peripheral-nerve
compression syndromes. An experimental study in humans. J Bone Joint Surg
[Am] 65(5):632-8, 1983
Imai HT, Tajima, et al: Interpretation of
cutaneous pressure thresholds
(Semmes-Weinstein monofilament measurement) following median nerve repair and
sensory reeducation in the adult. Microsurgery 10(2): 142-4 ,1989.
Jamison DG: "Sensitivity Testing as a means of
Differentiating the Various Forms of Leprosy Found in Nigeria", Lepr Rev,
40:17-20, 1969.
Jeng C, Michelson J, Mizel (2000) Sensory
thresholds of normal human feet, Foot Ankle Int., Jun;21(6):501-4
Lehman LF, Orsini MB, et al: The development of the Semmes-Weinstein
monofilaments in Brazil. J Hand Ther 6(4): 290-7, 1993.
Lundborg GB, Rosen, et al: Artificial sensibility based on the use of
piezoresistive sensors. Preliminary observations. J Hand Surg [Br] 23(5):
620-6, 1998.
Naafs B, Dagne T: "Sensory Testing: A Sensitive
Method in the Follow-up of Nerve Involvement", International J of Leprosy,
45(4):364-368,
1977.
Nagai, Yukihiro, Sugiama, Yu, Abe, Toshiti, and
Nomura, Gakuji, 4-g Monofilament is clinically useful for detecting diabetic
peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Care 24:183-184, 2001.
Omer GE, Jr: Median nerve compression at the wrist. Hand Clin 8(2):
317-24,
1992.
Omer GE, Bell-Krotoski JA: "Sensibility Testing"
In Omer GE; Spinner, Morton, Van Beek, Allen L (eds),
Management of Peripheral Nerve Problems,
2nd ed WB Saunders:11-27, 1998.
Pearson JMH, Weddell AGM: "Changes in Sensory Acuity Following Radial Nerve
Rosen BL: Recovery of sensory and motor function after nerve repair. a
rational for evaluation. J Hand Ther 9(4):315-27, 1996.
Rosen BL, Dahlin, et al: Assessment of functional outcome after nerve repair
in a longitudinal cohart. Scand J Plast Reconst Surg Hand Surg 43(1):
71-8,
2000.
Sabin TD, Ebner JD: "Patterns of Sensory Loss in
Leprosy", International J of Leprosy, 37(3): 239-248,
November, 1968.
Saltzman, Charles L, Rashid, Rola, Hayes,
Andrea, et al (2004) 4.5-Gram monofilament sensation beneath both first
metatarsal heads indicates protective foot sensation in diabetic patients.
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) 86:717-723.
Semmes J, Weinstein S, Ghent l, Teuber
HL:"Somatosensory Changes After Penetrating Brain Wounds in Man", Cambridge,
Mass, 1960, Harvard University Press.
Szabo RM, Gelberman RH, et al: Sensibility
testing in patients with carpal
tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg [Am} 66(1): 60-4, 1984.
van Breckel WH,Kets CM, et al: Functional
sensibility of the hand in leprosy
patients. Lepr Rev 68(1): 25-37, 1997.
von Frey M: "Zur Physiologic der Juckempfindung", Arch Neurol Physiol,
7:142-145, 1922.
von Prince K, Butler B: "Measuring Sensory Function of the Hand in Peripheral
Nerve Injuries", American J Occup Ther, 21:385-396,
1967.
Weinstein S: "Fifty Years of Somatosensory Research: From the Semmes-Weinstein
Monofilaments to the Weinstein Enhanced Sensory Test", J Hand Ther,
6:11-22, 1991.
Weinstein S: "Intensive and Extensive Aspects of Tactile Sensitivity as a
Function of Body Part, Sex, and Laterality", in Kenshalo’s The
Skin Senses.
Weinstein S: "Tactile Sensitivity of the Phalanges" in
Perceptual and Motor Skills,
Southern University Press, 14:351-354,
1962.
Werner J, Omer GE: "Evaluating Cutaneous Pressure Sensation of the Hand", Am
J Occup Ther, 24:347-356, 1970.
World Health Organization Technical Report No
4459.
